Depends your definition of "substantial." Steroids in safe, supervised doses, will have an effect.
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Additionally, it doesn't even matter what anyone has actually done. The fact is that athletes already can have things done.
Again, we're way past the point where any serious athletics (including the Olympics) are performed by average people. None of us here (that I know of, anyway) are capable of going out and competing on a professional level in any sport. So, what's the harm in allowing athletes to enhance what they naturally have and improve our entertainment value?
I'm somewhat on the other side on this issue ohms. I'm more posing the questions, but I do think there is harm as it raises the bar and makes becoming competitive in these individual sports even further away and more difficult. A trickle down effect through the minors, college sports, high school sports and younger occurs. Plus, if all technological advances are allowed to better then talent pretty soon they'll be like robots playing each other.
No doubt todays athletes are the greatest of all time due to improvements in a multitude of areas throughout history, but i think when we are talking about surgery's to enhance performance I think we are skirting a moral line I'd prefer not to cross. Today it is eye surgery, tomorrow pitchers are getting titanium alloy shoulders with nano-particles to allow fluid motion of the arm through the delivery.
Too much technology can be a bad thing.
Yea, and I don't think there's really such a thing as "too much" technology. As long as it's safe (including side effects), I don't really see what the problem is.
What about genetic engineering? If we could ensure that people are simply not genetically predisposed to diseases (and, we're close. closer than people generally think) what's wrong with that? Less cancers, less heart disease, things like that. Then, you move from there to enhancing the potential for strength, lung capacity, heart capacity, etc...
It's not as though they don't still need to work for it... The potential is there, and the nutrition and medical technology is there to enhance what already exists, but the person still needs to work out and practice.
If the Lamborghini is available to every driver, why not?
Why not? Everyone already must work out (often to "extreme" levels), eat special diets, be under specialized medical supervision, etc... It's not as though athletes lead otherwise normal lives already. That and their already far from average people. Have you seen any pro athletes in person? Their almost always tall and just plain big people.
Here is a post about a writer's experience with Canseco. In the post is a good reason not to take steroids, kids.
This link does contain some profanity, so don't click if you are offended, underage, or live in Iran, China, etc.
Great article in this months ESPN the Magazine on this exact subject. Brings up some very interesting ethical questions about technology and athletes. Check it out.